What is the primary consequence of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in water bodies?

The primary consequence of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in water bodies is the occurrence of algal blooms. These nutrients, primarily derived from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharges, and fertilizers, can stimulate excessive growth of algae in aquatic environments.

When nitrogen and phosphorus are introduced in large amounts into a water body, they act as fertilizers, leading to rapid algal growth. This phenomenon can cover the surface of the water, blocking sunlight from reaching aquatic plants and disrupting the ecosystem. The excessive growth of algae can result in harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are detrimental to water quality and can produce toxins affecting fish, aquatic organisms, and even humans.

Moreover, as these algae die and decompose, the process consumes oxygen in the water, leading to hypoxic conditions (low oxygen levels), which can cause fish kills and a decline in biodiversity. The impact on the ecosystem can be severe, affecting not just aquatic life but also the surrounding communities that rely on clean water for recreation, drinking, and irrigation.

Understanding these dynamics emphasizes the need for effective nutrient management practices to mitigate pollution and protect water quality.