What is one of the environmental concerns related to over-fertilization?

One of the primary environmental concerns related to over-fertilization is water pollution from runoff. When fertilizers are applied in excessive amounts, especially before heavy rain or irrigation, they can leach into nearby water bodies through surface runoff. This runoff carries nutrients—such as nitrogen and phosphorus—into lakes, rivers, and streams, leading to issues like eutrophication. Eutrophication can cause algal blooms, which deplete oxygen in the water and harm aquatic life, creating dead zones that are inhospitable for fish and other organisms.

Understanding this connection highlights the importance of nutrient management practices that balance fertilization with the environmental capabilities of the surrounding ecosystem. Such practices aim to minimize nutrient runoff and protect water quality while still providing adequate nutrition for crops.